Structure and expression analysis of the sucrose synthase gene family in apple

Sucrose synthases (SUS) are a family of enzymes that play pivotal roles in carbon partitioning, sink strength and plant development. A total of 11 SUS genes have been identified in the genome of Malus domestica (MdSUSs), and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the MdSUS genes were divided into three groups, named as SUS I, SUS II and SUS III, respectively. The SUS I and SUS III groups included four homologs each, whereas the SUS II group contained three homologs. SUS genes in the same group showed similar structural characteristics, such as exon number, size and length distribution. After assessing four different tissues, MdSUS1s and MdSUS2.1 showed the highest expression in fruit, whereas MdSUS2.2/2.3 and MdSUS3s exhibit the highest expression in shoot tips. Most MdSUSs showed decreased expression during fruit development, similar to SUS enzyme activity, but both MdSUS2.1 and MdSUS1.4 displayed opposite expression profiles. These results suggest that different MdSUS genes might play distinct roles in the sink-source sugar cycle and sugar utilization in apple sink tissues.     

盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞Na+吸收及Na+/H+转运蛋白与H+-ATPase基因表达的研究

为从分子水平揭示宁夏枸杞钠的吸收积累机理,本试验采用原子吸收分光光度法和实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)方法,对盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞根中Na⁺、K⁺含量以及质膜和液泡膜Na⁺/H⁺转运蛋白与H⁺-ATPase基因表达水平进行测定分析。结果表明,相同胁迫时间下,随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,枸杞根系中Na⁺浓度总体呈缓慢增加趋势,K⁺含量呈先增加后减少趋势,Na⁺/K⁺比值呈先减少后增加趋势;编码质膜和液泡膜的Na⁺/H⁺转运蛋白基因LbSOS1、LbNHX1以及液泡膜H⁺-ATPase基因LbVHA-C1表达量均呈升高趋势,质膜H⁺-ATPase基因LbHA1表达量呈先升高后降低趋势。相同NaCl处理浓度下,随着胁迫时间的延长,Na⁺含量总体呈增加趋势,K⁺含量呈先增加后减少趋势,Na⁺/K⁺比值呈增加趋势。LbSOS1、LbNHX1表达量总体呈先升高后降低趋势,LbVHA-C1、LbHA1表达量总体呈降低的趋势。相关性分析显示,不同胁迫时间下,枸杞根中LbSOS1、LbNHX1、LbVHA-C1和LbHA1表达量与Na⁺含量存在一定的正相关或负相关。上述结果表明,在低浓度NaCl胁迫时,维持枸杞体内较高的K⁺/Na⁺比值是宁夏枸杞耐盐的主要方式之一,同时也说明在胁迫初期,质膜和液泡膜的Na⁺/H⁺转运蛋白与H⁺-ATPase参与了枸杞细胞中Na⁺及时排出胞外和区隔于液泡,从而保持了根细胞内Na⁺的稳定性。此外,随着胁迫时间的延长和NaCl处理浓度的增加,LbSOS1、LbNHX1、LbVHA-C1和LbHA1的表达水平均降低,而 Na⁺积累量大幅增加,致使枸杞抗盐性降低。本研究揭示了宁夏枸杞的耐盐机理,为利用宁夏枸杞改良宁夏大面积盐碱地提供了理论依据。     

硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性及桃幼树生长的影响

为探究硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对桃树生长的效应,以盆栽一年生瑞蟠21号毛桃(Amygdalus persica Linn.)为试验材料,设置3种不同施肥方式(T1:硅钙钾镁;T2:硅钙钾镁+黄腐酸钾;CK:空白对照),在桃幼树生长季进行追肥处理,研究硅钙钾镁肥及硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾对土壤酶活性、土壤养分状况及桃幼树根系构型和植株生长的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1、T2均显著提高了桃幼树生长季各时期土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,以及土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有效硅等含量,且配施黄腐酸钾后作用更明显。与CK相比,T1、T2细根比重分别提高了11.2%和26.2%,根系活力分别提高了12.2%和18.1%,根系总长度分别增加了28.1%和61.9%,且有效延缓了根系衰老;T1、T2植株总干重分别提高了1.2倍和2.0倍,根冠比分别提高了9.4%和17.0%,且差异显著。与CK相比,T1、T2各器官中全氮、全磷、全钾含量均显著增加,地上部硅含量分别提高了61.3%和91.9%,地下部硅含量分别提高了62.3%和102.5%,且差异显著。同时,T1、T2桃幼树叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率均显著提高。综上所述,硅钙钾镁肥可有效提高土壤酶活,促进桃幼树细根的生长,延缓根系衰老进程,增加氮、磷、钾、硅等营养元素积累量,提高叶片光合速率,促进植株生长;硅钙钾镁肥配施黄腐酸钾后,提高了土壤有效硅及植株硅含量,比单施硅钙钾镁肥效果更加显著。本研究结果为桃树合理施用硅钙钾镁肥提供了理论依据。     

不同生育时期低温胁迫对水稻保护酶的影响

通过吉林省内外优质水稻品种为材料，分别在苗期、分蘖期、减数分裂期、灌浆成熟期进行低 温胁迫处理，并进行其生理特性研究。结果表明，低温胁迫下水稻的CAT、POD、SOD 酶活性均有所 增高，其中部分品种的SOD 酶活性整体较强，在各个时期均有所增幅，而CAT 和POD 酶活性在不同 时期存在品种差异，且分蘖期大部分品种的三种保护酶均有明显提升。本试验材料中，不同时期低温 胁迫下，通系935、龙稻18、吉粳816、绥粳14、延粳22、通35 的整体酶活性在各个时期表现优异，优于 其余品种。     

Effects of maltogenic amylase from Lactobacillus plantarum on retrogradation of bread

Maltogenic amylase originated from Lactobacillus plantarum (LpMA) was studied to investigate its applicability as an antistaling enzyme. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results demonstrated that the bread treated with purified LpMA exhibited a retrogradation peak that was 65% that of the control bread. Then, for the purpose of practically using L. plantarum as an antistaling agent, the expression of LpMA in L. plantarum was enhanced by growth on a modified medium; the LpMA expression of L. plantarum grown on De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium supplemented with an additional 6% glucose was 54 times higher than that of L. plantarum grown on the original MRS medium. The side chain length distribution analysis showed that the cell extract of L. plantarum (CELP) tended to prefer to hydrolyzes the long side chains of amylopectin (>30). During storage for 9 days at 4 °C, the bread treated with CELP exhibited a 25% slower retrogradation rate and 63% lower hardness relative to the control bread, indicating that the CELP is a potential candidate for use as an antistaling agent.     

New angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from Coix prolamin and its influence on the gene expression of renin-angiotensin system in vein endothelial cells

Coix seed, which is a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat hypertension for thousands of years. It has been shown that Coix prolamin peptides display high levels of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Hence, we purified the ACE inhibitory peptides from Coix prolamin hydrolysates and evaluated the influence of the most potent peptide on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) genes expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In this study, Coix prolamin peptides were sequentially separated by ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and RP-HPLC, while the peptide structure was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Next, in silico proteolysis, pharmacophore and molecular docking were further applied to screen and optimize the structure of peptides. Finally, a novel ACE inhibitory peptide VDMF was obtained, in which its influence on the gene expression of RAS signaling pathway in AngⅡ-injury HUVECs was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. VDMF significantly down-regulated ACE, AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) and ACE2 mRNA expression in comparation with model group, while up-regulating Mas gene expression. Hence, we obtained a novel antihypertensive candidate that was derived from the Coix peptides, which could involve a multi-modulation mechanism that regulates blood pressure.     

间作香露兜提高槟榔根系生长和土壤酶活性

采用盆栽试验的方法,对槟榔单作、香露兜单作和槟榔间作香露兜3种栽培模式下根系生长发育和土壤酶活性进行比较研究。结果表明：槟榔间作香露兜促进了槟榔干物质累积,且分配到根系的干物质相对增多,地下部干物质质量显著增加,对香露兜的影响不显著;间作后显著增加槟榔叶片SPAD值,对香露兜无显著影响;间作模式下槟榔总根长、根系总表面积、根数目显著增多,分别比单作增加了78.64%、50.96%、81.22%,而且间作对槟榔根系生长发育的促进作用大于香露兜;槟榔间作香露兜后,土壤酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性均显著高于槟榔单作,土壤脲酶与槟榔单作无显著差异,但显著低于香露兜单作;土壤过氧化物酶活性与根数目和根体积呈显著正相关。综上所述,槟榔与香露兜根系之间竞争较小,与槟榔单作相比,槟榔间作香露兜模式能够促进槟榔根系生长,提高土壤酶活性。     

秸秆还田与优化施氮改善烤烟根际土壤碳氮转化及氮素吸收

针对华南沙泥田烟区氮肥过量施用导致烟叶品质下降的问题,拟通过秸秆还田与氮肥优化配施调节烤烟各生育期氮吸收、根际土壤碳氮转化及相关酶的活性。试验采用随机区组设计,设水稻秸秆还田与氮肥两因素,其中3个碳（秸秆还田）水平：C0,无秸秆还田,0 kg/hm ²;C1,中量秸秆还田,4500 kg/hm ²;C2,全部秸秆还田,9000 kg/hm ²;2个氮水平：N1,传统施氮,169.50 kg/hm ²;N2,优化施氮,105.00 kg/hm ²。结果表明,与N1相比,N2处理秸秆还田下烤烟前期烟叶和根系氮吸收和累积正常,而后期有所下降;C1、C2处理时,与现蕾期相比,成熟期时根系氮含量均降低4.2 g/kg,叶片氮含量降低3.8、3.0 g/kg;成熟期时,与N1处理相比,N2处理时C1、C2处理的土壤无机氮含量降低30.4%、20.0%,前期2个氮处理间土壤无机氮含量无差异,优化施氮下中量秸秆还田（C1N2）处理烤烟土壤NH₄ ⁺-N含量在整个生育期内较高且呈降低趋势,而硝态氮和土壤无机氮含量在成熟期最低,表明中量秸秆还田下优化施氮能够维持生育前期土壤无机氮含量,且降低成熟期土壤无机氮含量。2个秸秆还田量处理时,团棵期N2处理的土壤转化酶活性是N1处理的1.30、1.13倍;旺长期土壤转化酶活性是N1处理的1.27、1.10倍;与传统施氮相比,秸秆还田下优化施氮处理增加了整个生育期土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性。在中量秸秆还田（C1）处理下,与N1水平相比,现蕾期和成熟期的N2处理土壤水溶性碳含量提高11.2%和14.1%;与N1相比,N2处理的土壤微生物量氮含量呈降低趋势。综上所述,优化施氮耦合中量秸秆还田（C1N2）能够提高土壤水溶性碳含量,维持土壤氮素合理供应,稳定烤烟生育前期对氮素吸收与累积,减少生育后期烟叶氮素奢侈吸收,与烤烟吸氮规律比较吻合。     

云南2种野生苜蓿资源对酸铝胁迫的响应分析

以云南2种野生苜蓿资源为材料,采用水培法研究酸铝胁迫对幼苗生长的影响。通过分析酸、铝单一及复合处理下幼苗根长、株高、生物量、根系活力、叶绿素和丙二醛含量、过氧化物酶和超氧化物岐化酶活性变化,比较2种苜蓿对酸、铝的耐性。结果显示：随着酸度的增加,天蓝苜蓿和紫花苜蓿幼苗的生长均受抑制,pH 7.0和pH 3.0处理对比分析,天蓝苜蓿在根长、株高、生物量、根系活力增幅比紫花苜蓿的增幅小;铝胁迫后,2种苜蓿在根长、株高、生物量、根系活力指标上均具有显著差异,且随着铝浓度的增大,受抑制越严重;酸、铝共同胁迫对2种苜蓿幼苗生长的影响大于单一胁迫对它的影响,pH 4.5,Al ³⁺浓度300 mg/L时,2种苜蓿生长受抑最严重。酸、铝单一胁迫及复合处理均显著影响2种苜蓿,但天蓝苜蓿对酸、铝及酸铝的耐性优于紫花苜蓿。